Immunophenotyping

T cell subsets can be characterized based on their effector/memory differentiation status. Upon activation, naive T cells (T_N), can proliferate and differentiate into T stem-cell-like memory cells (T_SCM), T central memory cells (T_CM), T transitional memory cells (T_TM), T effector memory cells (T_EM), T effector memory cell re-expressing CD45RA (T_EMRA), and T terminal effector cells (T_{TE). The precise identification of these subsets is important for both basic and clinical immune monitoring of patients undergoing T cell-based immunotherapy. Multiple markers are needed to subset the cells to characterize. In this panel, seven distinct CD4 and CD8 T cell populations within the naive and effector cell subsets can be characterized by multiple surface marker staining. ​}

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose lineage plus any other markers in this panel to identify different subtypes of T cells.

The CD4⁺ T helper (Th) cells can be further characterized into different sub-types based on cell surface markers, cytokine secretion profile, and transcription factor expression. With this panel, Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and T follicular helper cells (Tfh) populations can be identified. Staining includes cell surface and intracellular staining (ICS) of major markers.​

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose lineage plus any other markers in this panel to identify different subtypes of Th cells.

Regulatory T cells (T_regs) are a subset of lymphocytes that can suppress immune responses to maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. T_regs are commonly identified as CD3+ CD4⁺ CD25⁺ FoxP3⁺ CD127^low cells in both mice and humans. Several other phenotypical markers can be added, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated‐antigen 4 (CTLA‐4), integrin α_E (CD103), programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), lymphocyte‐activation gene 3 (LAG‐3), to further characterize T_regs. ​

Human & Mouse

Investigator can choose lineage plus any other markers in this panel to identify different subtypes of T cells.

B cells are a population of the adaptive immune response and target specific antigens using their receptors (antibodies). Naïve B cells leave the bone marrow and migrate to the spleen. In the spleen, they differentiate into different B cell subtypes including transitional B cells, marginal zone B cells, and follicular B cells, which can be further differentiate into terminally differentiated plasma B cells or memory B cells. In this panel, different subtypes of B cells can be identified by staining of major cell surface markers as listed​

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose lineage plus any other markers in this panel to identify different subtypes of B cells.

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system. In humans, they are generally defined as CD45⁺ CD3^- CD56⁺ cells. In mice, they are generally defined as CD45⁺CD3^-NK1.1⁺ or NKp46⁺ cells depending on the mouse strain. While not often evaluated, several immune checkpoint proteins, such as PD-1 (CD279), TIGIT, TIM-3, and VISTA, can be expressed on activated NK cells and can be included in NK cell phenotyping panel.​

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose lineage plus any other markers in this panel to identify different subtypes of NK cells.

Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous population of cell. Two subtypes of DCs have been well described, conventional dendritic cells (cDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). The cDC are known to be specialized for absorbing antigens for presentation to naive T cells in adaptive immunity, which are further categorized into two major subpopulations, cDC1 and cDC2. Inflammatory dendritic cells (iDC) are not present in steady-state tissues or lymphoid organs. They differentiate from blood monocytes at sites of inflammation and are therefore frequently called monocyte-derived dendritic cells. In this panel, different subtypes of DCs can be identified by both cell surface staining and intracellular staining (ICS) of major markers (see the following indicated markers).

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose lineage plus any other markers in this panel to identify different subtypes of DCs.

Monocytes are derived from macrophage-dendritic cell precursors in the bone marrow and then migrate to the circulating blood and lymphatic system. They are highly heterogeneous and can rapidly change phenotypes based on environmental stimuli. In response to various stimuli, monocytes can migrate to sites of inflammation where they can differentiate into either inflammatory macrophages or monocyte-derived dendritic cells. There are at least two subsets of functionally different monocytes known as inflammatory and patrolling monocytes in both human and mice. In this panel, different subtypes of monocytes can be identified by staining of different markers.​

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose different markers in this panel to identify subtypes of monocytes.

Macrophages are a group of highly heterogeneous cell population that can rapidly change their phenotypes and functional properties based on environmental stimuli. They are not only involved in the recognition, phagocytosis, and degradation of cellular debris and pathogens, but also in maintaining tissue integrity and homeostasis. In general, macrophages can be classified into classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages based on their function and activation. In response to different stimulation, M2 macrophage can be further divided into the M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d subtypes. In this panel, different types of macrophages can be identified by staining of certain cell surface and intracellular markers.​

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose different markers in this panel to identify subtypes of macrophages. ​

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a group of myeloid cells that can suppress immune responses. MDSC levels are negatively correlated with prognosis and overall survival of cancer patients. There are two main subsets of MDSCs, the monocytic (M-MDSC) and the granulocytic (G-MDSC), that are defined by their surface phenotypes. However, multiple human MDSC subsets with different phenotypes have been documented in several types of tumors. Therefore, more surface markers and staining may be required to fully characterize the subsets, origin, and function of MDSCs in your sample.

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose lineage plus any other markers in this panel to identify different subtypes of MDSCs.

Granulocytes are the most common type of leukocytes. Thy have multilobed nuclei and small, enzyme-containing granules in their cytoplasm. They migrate to the site of inflammation and release several different chemicals and enzymes to fight infection as part of the immune response. There are four types of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. This panel helps to identify different types of granulocytes by staining of major markers.

 
Human

 
Mouse

 
Investigator can choose different markers in this panel to identify subtypes of granulocytes.

Stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells able to differentiate into different cell types, and which are identified by the presence and absence of certain cell surface markers.​
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are stem cells that can be differentiated into other blood cells and can be found in bone marrow and peripheral blood.​
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as multi-potent mesenchymal stromal cells, are adult stem cells that are found not only in bone marrow, but also in different human organs such as adipose tissue, as well as in the umbilical cord. These can be differentiated into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes.​

 
Investigator can choose different markers in this panel to identify HSCs or MSCs. ​